Toll Like Receptors (TLR)

Immunology

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Description

The toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling network is central to the innate immune response. In mammals, there are 11 TLRs that recognize a variety of ligands from pathogens to trigger immunological responses [1]. TLR4 is located on the cell membrane and is a receptor for lipolysaccharide (LPS) which is essential in generating a response to Gram-negative bacteria in which LPS is a part of the outer membrane [4]. It has been shown that in MyD88 and IRAK-4 deficiencies there is no response to LPS via TLR4 [3]. TLR 7/8 ligand is intracellular and uses UNC-93B as part of the signalling cascade. In patients with UNC-93B deficiency this TLR ligand is unable to produce a response [2].

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Indications

Screening of IRAK-4, MyD88 in patients with recurrent pyogenic infections and poor inflammatory response. Screening of UNC-93B deficiency in patients with recurrent Herpes Simplex (Viral) Encephalitis.

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Sample Type

2mL EDTA whole blood. Please send 2mL EDTA whole blood from a healthy volunteer as a control sample. Samples must be urgently transported to the laboratory. Requests from outside Sheffield: Please discuss transport requirements prior to requesting this test.

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Reference Range

Normal = normal response.

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Turnaround Time

Within 5 days

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Testing Frequency

Discuss with Immunology prior to requesting test.

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References

Oda K, Kitano H. A comprehensive map of the toll-like receptor signalling network. Mol Sys Biol. 2006. 2:1-20. [Ref 1]Jouganguy E, et al. Human primary immunodeficiencies of type 1 interferons. Biochime. 2007. 89:878-883. [Ref 2] Takeda K, Akira S. TLR signaling pathways. Sem Imm. 2004. 16:3-9. [Ref 3]Poltorak A, et al. Defective LPS signaling in C3H/HeJ and C57BL/10ScCr mice: mutations in Tlr4 gene. 1998. Science. 282:2085-2088. [Ref 4]

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Please note: the above information is subject to change and we endeavour to keep this website up to date wherever necessary.